The quality of banknotes in the cash cycles of countries in the Eurosystem varies, despite all of these countries using … banknote quality in circulation as well as central bank cash cycle costs. Production variations in new banknotes, the fitness … countries. We compare the predicted quality results of the second data-based model against actual cash cycle data collected …

We test for real interest rate convergence in the EU25 area. Our contribution is twofold: first, we account for the … have important implications relating to the single monetary policy and the progress new EU members have achieved towards …