It must not be easy being a rating agency. Where corporate debt is concerned, the major credit rating agencies (“CRAs”) are said to be too slow and lagging the market. When the topic is structured finance, the agencies are said to inflate ratings to attract business. And when the subject is...

The paper discusses the most noteworthy measures taken or yet to be taken by the EU to combat the coronavirus crisis. Basically, the measures fall into four categories: (i) flexible application of EU rules that could hinder member states in their strenuous efforts to save their national...

The European Commission (EC) has long intended to play a leadership role in setting a pan-European competition policy; yet, both centralized and decentralized tendencies have been manifest in the European context for competition policy. It is not clear the whether these leadership intentions...

This case note discusses two CJEU cases concerning EU motor insurance law, namely Case C-277/12 (Vitalijs Drozdovs) and C-22/12 (Katarína Haasová). The case note commences with summarising the facts of both cases, continuing with an overview of the Advocate General's Opinion and then the...

The aim of this report is to evaluate “e-formalization” in European countries. To tackle informality, the lockdown and physical distancing measures resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a decrease in onsite workplace inspections in Europe and the greater use of e-initiatives...

Proposals for Eurozone reform aim to complete its institutional architecture by securing stability without creating moral hazard. Such policy arguments inevitably rely, however, on implicit assumptions about justice, or on what is owed to whom. A common assumption is that member states are...