Introduction: Discovering the logic of flexible integration -- Conceptual framework for analyzing differentiation -- Differentiated integration theory -- Empirical evidence from EU policies -- Trade integration -- Monetary integration -- Social, environmental, and tax policies -- Justice and...

This contribution develops a theory on the impact of differentiation on integration and unity among EU member states and discusses empirical evidence from four policy areas. According to the theory, the centripetal effects of closer cooperation among willing EU members on initially unwilling...

This contribution develops a theory on the impact of differentiation on integration and unity among EU member states and discusses empirical evidence from four policy areas. According to the theory, the centripetal effects of closer cooperation among willing EU members on initially unwilling...

The aim of this paper is to show how and to what extent short-run differentiation through closer cooperation within the European Union can actually be made compatible with the objective of long-run unity. This question is addressed in a framework for analysis based on public goods theory and...