measures of geography within Europe, we show that i) geography explains both genetic distance and transportation costs between … European countries, and ii) genetic distance does not explain economic outcomes once we control for geography. We conclude that …

The paper aims to examine the role of institutions relative to economic policy and geography in explaining the … that (i) higher level of IQI along with economic policy and geography factors lead to a positive improvement in the level … of DQI; and (ii) results remain robust for IQI and relatively robust for economic policy and geography even when it is …

, geography has also affected colonization policies and, therefore, institutional outcomes. Using non-colonized countries as a …