to use their ample material resources to prevent, manage and cure the ill-health that caused so many premature deaths …. Along with the poor, they therefore were left at a grave health disadvantage vis-à-vis adult members of the wealthy urban …

In this paper we address the long-run effects of childhood shocks on health in late adulthood. Applying a life … health outcomes after age fifty. Having lived in a children's home, in a foster family, or having suffered a period of hunger … and later health into a-priori unknown groups, we show that some adverse shocks have opposite effects for specific groups. …