Middle East and North Africa (MENA) gas exporters are facing long-term market and regulatory challenges in Europe. The near three-year continuous decline in Europe’s gas demand since the beginning of the Ukraine crisis is a key challenge for these exporters who are concerned about whether this...

The low gas filling levels in underground gas storages (UGSs) in the European Union (EU), and the subsequent price volatility and geopolitical tensions between Russia and the EU triggered the adoption of counterbalancing policy strategies in the EU. A specific measure was the mandatory refilling...