In 1958, the French philosopher Etienne Gilson observed that "painters are related to manual laborers by a deep-rooted affinity that nothing can eliminate," because painting was the one art in which the person who conceives the work is also necessarily the person who executes it. Conceptual...

In 1958, the French philosopher Etienne Gilson observed that "painters are related to manual laborers by a deep-rooted affinity that nothing can eliminate," because painting was the one art in which the person who conceives the work is also necessarily the person who executes it. Conceptual...

Paris was the undisputed capital of modern art in the nineteenth century, but during the earlytwentieth century major innovations began to occur elsewhere in Europe. This paper examines thecareers of the artists who led such movements as Italian Futurism, German Expressionism, Holland'sDe Stijl,...