With FinTech entrepreneurs threatening to disrupt retail payment services in Europe and around the world, the European Union is using the harmonization of payments law as an opportunity to try to increase innovation and competition in European payment systems. In recent years, the EU has enacted...

The creation of the European single economic market led to an unprecedented increase in economic activity between firms and individuals across the European Economic Area (EEA). This necessitated the development of a payment services and processing infrastructure to match the increasing activity...

The European payment market has undergone rapid transformation in recent years due to changes in payment habits, new business rules and new legal frameworks and regulation. There has also been an advent of new technologies and payment solutions which has altered the European payments landscape...