This article develops an empirical measure of electoral availability, i.e., the micro perspective of political competition. As existing research conceptualizes political competition mainly as a macro- or party-level phenomenon, the micro perspective remains underdeveloped and, therefore, an...

This paper examines the reciprocal nature of dynamic representation in 14 European democracies. It takes up the stylized fact that the strength of mass-elite linkage varies over the electoral cycle. Based on the IntUne mass and elite surveys our empirical analyses suggest that European...