This paper seeks to identify obstacles to competitive markets in formally liberalized service and network industries of fifteen European Union Member States. It is argued that loopholes in EU competition and state aid rules allow national governments to further subsidize previously monopolistic...

European air transport policy, emerged through the confluence of case law and legislation, in four broad areas: liberalization, safety and security, greening, and the external policy. Following the implementation of the single market for air transport, policy shifted to liberalizing and...