Abstract Governments make substantial contributions to the finance of railways in Europe. This paper first considers the possible justifications for subsidies – namely normalisation of accounts, public service obligations, economies of density, relief of externalities on other modes, wider...

This paper deals with the developments in interurban road transport pricing policy in Europe.

Transport is one sector of the European economy in which CO<SUB align="right"><SMALL>2</SMALL></SUB> emissions are still growing, both because transport demand as a whole is growing and because the most carbon intensive modes – air and road transport – are growing fastest. The experience of Britain in the last decade shows that...</small></sub>