The use of financial ratios by analysts to compare the performance of firms from one accounting period to the next is of growing importance with continued European economic integration. Recent studies suggest that the individual component series of financial ratios exhibit nonstationarity which...

This note discusses metrics that have been used frequently during the coronavirus pandemic: (i) the growth in the number of cases and deaths; (ii) the time they take to double; (iii) the re-infection ratio, generally known as the reproduction ratio R; and (iv) the excess mortality above the norm....