European authorities introduced stringent lockdown measures in early 2020 to reduce the transmission of COVID-19. As the first wave of infection curves flattened and the outbreak appeared controlled, most countries started to reopen their economies albeit using diverse strategies. This paper...

The paper compares the present state of European private law with the plural structure of early modern law in Europe. This comparison reveals – despite important differences – important structural similarities. Perhaps the most striking one is the structural parallel in the piecemeal...

Social policy-Directive 2000/78/EC on equal treatment in employment and occupation-Directive 1999/70/EC on fixed-term work-clauses 2, 5, and 8 of the Framework Agreement-Directive 2000/78/EC Article 6--age discrimination-definition of “pay”-denial of survivors' benefits because couple not...

With FinTech entrepreneurs threatening to disrupt retail payment services in Europe and around the world, the European Union is using the harmonization of payments law as an opportunity to try to increase innovation and competition in European payment systems. In recent years, the EU has enacted...

National courts have been key players in the legal push for Europe, though notably to varying degrees. This paper examines the persisting variations in the referral rates of national courts and the underlying causal factors, aiming to better understand why some member states' courts have been...