This paper takes an overview over the historical paths toward the Economic and Currency Union launched in EU in the post-WWII era. Namely, it covers Snakes, European Monetary System, and establishment of the Economic and Currency Union. Moreover, the paper analyzes the uniform monetary policy...

Article about the role of determinism in the development of social processes. Author from the standpoint of the materialist dialectic analyzes the dynamics and patterns of social processes in Russia. Particular attention is paid to the criticism of religious and ideological concepts of...

A survey conducted in 1975, as part of the World Fertility Survey programme, provided evidence that fertility began to decline in Pakistan during the early 1970s. Because of the low level of contraceptive use recorded in that survey, the fertility decline was attributed to delayed marriage....

We construct a model that considers the direct effects, if any, of government spending on the attitudes of a typical consumer toward risk, time preference, and intertemporal substitution. The null hypothesis is that a growing government sector does not affect the consumer's behavior, and the...

This note explores the mathematical theory to solve modern gambler’s ruin problems. We establish a ruin framework and solve for the probability of bankruptcy. We also show how this relates to the expected time to bankruptcy and review the risk neutral probabilities associated an adjustment to...

Implications of Bilateral and Sub-regional Trade The paper analyses the impact of bilateral trade and multilateral trade agreements amongst SAARC countries on their agreements with the developed countries. Multilateral agreements for economic development contribute to socio-economic development...

This study analyzes the time-frequency relationship between oil price and exchange rate for Pakistan by using measures of continuous wavelet such as wavelet power, cross-wavelet power, and cross-wavelet coherency. The results of cross-wavelet analysis indicate that covariance between oil price...

Derivatives are the major icon among risk management practices. Firms usually use derivatives to hedge their foreign exchange and interest rate risk. This study aims to examine the determinants’ of corporate hedging policies and derivative usage in risk management particularly with respect to...

In this paper, the need for financing through a bank loan is analyzed by integrating the resources in the causal chain: bank loan - jobs - consumption - taxes - local revenues - new sources of investment - local development. Bank credit is presented as an equally available resource for different...

This study examines the impact of female wages, unemployment, foreign remittances and globalization on female labor supply over the period from 1980 to 2010. We have applied the ARDL bounds testing to test whether cointegration exists between variables. Our results show that variables are...