Liquidity supply by a Lender of Last Resort (LOLR) can be pivotal for both the conduct of monetary policy and safeguard of financial stability. During the financial crisis, the importance of liquidity provision has significantly increased at both the macro-level – through the European Central...

The European Central Bank's (ECB) bond purchase program — possibly the most effective anti-crisis tool yet — is compatible with EU law. Proceedings against the ECB's bond purchases have been brought both before the General Court of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the German...

Effect-based analysis is genuinely implicit in economic reasoning. The jurisprudence developed throughout the debt crisis reveals frequent recourse to effect-based analysis for the legal assessment of the compatibility of anti-crisis instruments with EU law. The dividing line between the...

All pillars of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) recently unleashed an array of measures to transform the economy towards climate neutrality. With the Green Deal, the ECB’s Strategy Review and the growing body of sustainable finance legislation, climate considerations have entered the...

Europe is vulnerable to air attacks by both state and non-state actors. Russia has substantially increased its production of hypersonic missiles, missiles and drones, while European air defence capacities remain patchy with little improvement in coverage in recent years. Air defence is a classic...