Cash usage at the point-of-sale decreased perceptibly in the past years. This is mainly due to the ongoing trend … government regulations and supply-side restrictions by commercial banks. Nonetheless, overall demand for euro cash remained … issue of a Central Bank Digital Currency as a substitute or complement to cash. Although the characteristics of a possible …

(CBDC) in the euro area and proposes a possible design of a digital euro that allows for instant offline payments. Cash …The present paper provides an overview on current developments of cash usage and issue of central bank digital currency … regulations and supply-side restrictions by commercial banks. Nonetheless, overall demand for euro cash remained strong and even …

banknotes and take due account of other determinants of cash demand. We find a significant and positive relationship between the … cash demand equation including the shadow economy. …

In this paper, we analyze the volume of euro banknotes issued by Germany within the euro area with several seasonal …

account of the change in the circulation of euro banknotes and the use of cash in transactions during the pandemic; and (2) to …In the light of fears that the SARS-CoV-2 virus might be transmitted via cash – fears that were stoked by statements in … assess the survivability of the virus on cash and the potential transmission risks. The pandemic has caused a significant …

workstream of the Eurosystem Research Network on Cash (EURECA) have conducted a study on the foreign demand for euro banknotes …In order to understand why there is a continuous increase in euro banknote circulation even though the use of cash for … transactions is decreasing in the euro area – a phenomenon known as the paradox of banknotes – the members of the Overseas …

Although euro banknotes and coins have been in circulation for fifteen years, not much is known about the actual use of … cash by households. This paper presents an estimation of the number and value of cash transactions in all 19 euro area … that can contribute to improving the efficiency of the cash cycle and the payment system as a whole. Previous estimates of …

We analyze for the first time cash holdings of private households in all euro area countries from 2002 to 2019 within a … panel cointegration framework. Besides the traditional determinants of cash demand like transactions balances and … opportunity costs, we concentrate on cashless payments media as substitutes to cash payments and the role of the shadow economy …

inception of the euro. We derive a money demand equation that incorporates housing wealth and collateral as well as substitution … effects on real money holdings. Empirically, we show that cross-country differences in real balances are determined not only … by income differences, a standard determinant of money demand, but also by house price developments. Higher house prices …