Due, perhaps, to the historical division of crowd dynamics research into psychological and engineering approaches, microscopic crowd models have tended toward modelling simple interchangeable particles with an emphasis on the simulation of physical factors. Despite the fact that people have...

The paper presents a simulation–optimization modeling framework for the evacuation of large-scale pedestrian facilities with multiple exit gates. The framework integrates a genetic algorithm (GA) and a microscopic pedestrian simulation–assignment model. The GA searches for the optimal...

In order to simulate evacuation from a room with multiple exits, a two-dimensional basic cellular automata (CA) model is proposed based on human behavior. In this model, two factors are taken into account, viz. spatial distance and occupant density. To make the simulation more reasonable, human...

A cellular automata (CA) model, which adopts the findings of tenability analysis, is proposed to simulate the evacuation from a smoke-filled room. Two algorithms, viz., direct algorithm and indirect algorithm, are used to model the behavior of a crowd consisting of people with different movement...

In the traditional egress model based on cellular automata, building spaces are divided into discrete grids, the size of which is usually as large as that of a pedestrian. In order to explore the influences of the grid size on the evacuation results, we studied the evacuation process using a...