We present two theorems that yield necessary and sufficient conditions for first and second-degree stochastic dominance deteriorations of background risk to increase risk aversion, prudence, temperance, and all higher degrees of aversion to foreground risk. We thus complete the program initiated...

We present two theorems that provide necessary and sufficient conditions for an expected utility maximizer to become more risk averse in the sense of Ross with respect to bearing a foreground risk after the introduction of any independent fair or unfair additive background risk. We call these...