student body. Furthermore we take into account the binding budget constraint of public expenditures (as is the case for …We raise the issue of how appropriately to attribute economic impact to consumption expenditures. Despite the salience …-Output analysis consumption expenditures are either treated as wholly endogenous or wholly exogenous. For many applications, such as …

expenditures are then spent at the place of study, typically a central city. This gives rise to a spatial demand-shift effect … expenditures. The focus is on the peripheral region of the Highlands and Islands (HI) and its interaction with the Rest of Scotland …