Early studies often found that offering economic incentives for undertaking prosocial and intrinsically motivated … related to whether crowding out (or substitution) is likely to occur. In many cases, incentives succeed in encouraging more … prosocial behavior and are also cost-effective. However, although the substitution of external incentives for intrinsic …

Are monetary and non-monetary incentives used as substitutes in motivating effort? I address this question in a … and non-monetary incentives imperfect. These findings have implications for the design of incentives in mission …