negotiations. Prior research assumes that decentralized managers negotiate transfer prices autonomously. However, evidence suggests … that headquarters can become involved in transfer price negotiations, particularly after negotiation failure. While the … transfer price negotiations …

Early studies often found that offering economic incentives for undertaking prosocial and intrinsically motivated … related to whether crowding out (or substitution) is likely to occur. In many cases, incentives succeed in encouraging more … prosocial behavior and are also cost-effective. However, although the substitution of external incentives for intrinsic …