The labour economics literature refers often to effort, but there is little empirical evidence as to how productivity and effort respond to wage rate variations. An unusual natural experiment in which wage rates suffered an exogenous change of two weeks' duration gives some insight into the...

Recent theoretical contributions to labor economics refer often to effort, but there exists little or no empirical evidence as to how important effort variations are in determining productivity. Analysis of data from an unusual natural experiment gives some insight into the magnitude of such...

The use of machine learning (ML) for productivity in the knowledge economy requires considerations of important biases that may arise from ML predictions. We define a new source of bias related to incompleteness in real time inputs, which may result from strategic behavior by agents. We theorize...