internal fight reduces the alliance's ability to succeed against the outside enemy. Second, the option to make non …-binding declarations on non-aggression in the relationship between alliance members does not make peaceful settlement within the alliance … more likely. Third, higher differences in the alliance players' contributions to alliance effort lead to more internal …

internal fight reduces the alliance's ability to succeed against the outside enemy. Second, the option to make non …-binding declarations on non-aggression in the relationship between alliance members does not make peaceful settlement within the alliance … more likely. Third, higher differences in the alliance players' contributions to alliance effort lead to more internal …

alliance. Also, players who are committed to expending effort above average choose to stand alone. If these players are forced … to play in an alliance, they invest even more, whereas their co-players choose lower effort. Anticipation of this …

alliance formation due to social cues from the photographs being used as a coordination device to facilitate faster alliance …