has ignored possible dynamic effects: e.g., anticipating that team formation is based on prior performance will affect …Optimal team composition has been the focus of exhaustive analysis, academic and otherwise. Yet, much of this analysis … prior performance. We test this hypothesis in a lab experiment with two stages of a real effort task. Participants first …

We study the effect of communicating student-specific teacher expectations on academic performance. We randomize … whether students (a) receive high-performance expectations, (b) are additionally paired with a classmate for encouragement, (c …) receive information about past performance, or (d) receive no message. Expectations increase math scores by 0.19σ, with …