A longstanding question in the economics of the family is the relationship between sibship size and subsequent human capital formation and welfare. If there is a causal "quantity-quality trade-off," then policies that discourage large families should lead to increased human capital, higher...

We study how different demographic groups respond to incentives by comparing their performance in "high" and "low" stakes situations. The high stakes situation is the GRE examination and the low stakes situation is a voluntary experimental section of the GRE. We find that Males exhibit a larger...