A large body of research suggests that many high-stakes decisions made by powerful organizational actors are plagued by overconfidence (Hayward & Hanbrick, 1997; Zajac & Bazerman, 1991). Extant research on power has demonstrated that the sense of power has wide-ranging psychological consequences...

A functionalist perspective on status suggests that the norm of expressing status-consistent emotions simplifies interactions within groups and aids group functioning. Group members respond to this norm by rewarding status-consistent, and punishing status-inconsistent emotional expressions....