The main goal of our study is to analyze how success and failure in crucial situations affect subsequent individual … performance. Our study is based on evidence from a natural experiment of NBA (National Basketball Association) players: Based on … to their 4th quarter performance as well as compared to their game and season averages. Yet the average performances in …

) receive information about past performance, or (d) receive no message. Expectations increase math scores by 0.19σ, with …We study the effect of communicating student-specific teacher expectations on academic performance. We randomize … whether students (a) receive high-performance expectations, (b) are additionally paired with a classmate for encouragement, (c …