Most observed institutional arrangements, observed in governments, firms, and other organizations, acknowledge the effectiveness of imposing sanctioning institutions and monitoring policies to achieve particular goals. Nevertheless, less attention has been paid to the influences of the...

From the seminal work of Fehr and Gächter (2002), a consensus rises about the effectiveness of sanctioning institutions in promoting collective action. Most observed institutional arrangements, widespread in governments, firms and other organizations, acknowledge this feature and impose...