Ballot initiatives are consequential and common, with total spending on initiative campaigns in the US rivaling that of Presidential campaigns. Observational studies using regression approaches on observational data have alternately found that initiative campaign spending cannot affect...

A randomized experiment (N = 3,037) examines the impact of conditional and unconditional monetary incentives on response rates to a mail survey in a contemporary context. This is the first large sample study in 10 years to examine the effect of monetary incentives on survey response. Providing...