-stage cartel formation experiment where multiple ringleaders may emerge. Although theory predicts that cartels will always be …This paper experimentally analyzes the cartel coordination challenge induced by the discrimination of cartel … ringleaders in leniency policies. Ringleaders often take a leading role in the coordination and formation of a cartel. A leniency …

Numerous studies investigate which sanctioning institutions prevent cartel formation but little is known as to how … sanctions are effective in hindering cartel formation not only because they introduce a risk of being fined but also by reducing …

This paper analyzes the inner workings of cartels. To understand how sanctioning institutions prevent cartel formation … suggests that sanctions are effective in hindering cartel formation not only because they introduce a risk of being fined but …

This paper sheds new light on the role of communication for cartel formation. Using machine learning to evaluate free … cartel formation and indirect attempts to collude tacitly. We document that firms are less likely to communicate explicitly … sanctions on communication reinforces the direct cartel-deterring effect of sanctions as collusion is more difficult to reach …

This paper sheds new light on the role of communication for cartel formation. Using machine learning to evaluate free … cartel formation and indirect attempts to collude tacitly. We document that firms are less likely to communicate explicitly … sanctions on communication reinforces the direct cartel-deterring effect of sanctions as collusion is more difficult to reach …