. Using data from individuals residing in two war-torn regions in Colombia, I analyze how direct exposure to violence induces … changes in risk attitudes, and find that more severe and recent episodes of violence bring about higher levels of risk … incidence of anxiety disorders. Violence can thus thwart the economic recovery of victims and have transcending impacts on …

Alongside negative feedback loops between violence and development, several studies find a positive and significant … areas. We conduct two artefactual field experiments in Bogotá (Colombia) to address these issues. Our methodological … strategy is to experimentally manipulate the recall of violence, either through a direct question or through a monetary loss in …

The conventional wisdom in political science is that for a democracy to be consolidated, all groups must have a chance … to attain power. If they do not then they will subvert democracy and choose to fight for power. In this paper we show … natural model, we show that democracy may never be consolidated in such a situation. Rather, democracy may only be stable when …

study one such norm the "don't be a toad" norm, as it is referred to in Colombia that tells people to mind their own … that historical exposure to political violence, which increased the ostracization of snitches, raised sensitivity to this …