affect export upgrading and, if so, whether their effects are complementary or substitutable. Export upgrading entails export … diversification (including overall export diversification, as well as diversification at the intensive and at the extensive margins …) and export quality improvement. The empirical analysis shows that total AfT flows have a strong positive impact on export …

-called official development assistance), particularly the impact of the Aid for Trade (AfT) component, upon export resilience. The … environmental or external shocks. The core argument of the analysis is that development aid would affect export resilience through … indicate that the total development aid flows, including both AfT flows and NonAfT flows, exert a positive effect upon export …

Recent studies offer an ambiguous picture on the effectiveness of foreign aid in strengthening the export capacity of … own export interests. …