In this paper incumbency effects in Federal Elections and Mayoral Elections in Germany are estimated using a quasi … parties in Germany cause an increase in vote share of 1.4%-1.7% in Federal Elections. Analyzing Mayoral Elections, the causal …

state of Berlin and the federal level in Germany. State voting intentions for the state and for the federal parliament are … the endogenous variables; the federal election trend is treated as predetermined. Our results suggest that shocks in …

twofold. First, it points at a representation gap suggesting that politicians tend towards riskier choices than their voters …, which not only affects politicians themselves but the entire polity. Second, it suggests a useful ‘division of labor …' according to which risk-loving politicians are prepared to take risks in exceptional situations, which their constituents would …

twofold. First, it points at a representation gap suggesting that politicians tend towards riskier choices than their voters …, which not only affects politicians themselves but the entire polity. Second, it suggests a useful "division of labor …" according to which risk-loving politicians are prepared to take risks in exceptional situations, which their constituents would …

performance of their leaders. In this article, we analyse how party cues (i.e., politicians' party membership acting as a cue … towards their characteristics) affect voters' incomplete information about politicians in a federal setting. We first of all … show that party cues allow indirect inference regarding politicians using observed policy outcomes, alleviating the …