The design of distribution systems raises hard combinatorial optimization problems. For instance, facility location problems must be solved at the strategic decision level to place factories and warehouses, while vehicle routes must be built at the tactical or operational levels to supply...

The two-echelon location-routing problem (LRP-2E) arises from recent transportation applications like city logistics. In this problem, still seldom studied, first-level trips serve from a main depot a set of satellite depots, which must be located, while second-level trips visit customers from...

We study in this paper multi-product facility location problem in a two-stage supply chain in which plants have production limitation, potential depots have limited storage capacity and customer demands must be satisfied by plants via depots. In the paper, handling cost for batch process in...