The estimation of binary responses in factor analysis models is often complicated, because the marginal likelihood involves an intractable integral. When the number of latent variables is large, the dimensionality of a required integral will be high, and thus numerical integration would not be...

While latent variable models have been successfully applied in many fields and underpin various modeling techniques, their ability to incorporate categorical responses is hindered due to the lack of accurate and efficient estimation methods. Approximation procedures, such as penalized...