document outcomes among individuals with deceased parents. I focus first on minors and find that about 2 million children in … orphan population in the United States. Relative to children with both parents living, these maternal and paternal orphans …

Background: Although sons are thought to impose greater physiological costs on mothers than daughters, sons may be … parental mortality. Results: Based on 7 measures of sex composition, we find no protective effect of sons in either China or … Taiwan. For example, in the 1989 Taiwan sample, the hazard ratio for maternal mortality associated with having an eldest son …

maternal nutrition over mothers' childbearing careers. In apparent contrast, Jayachandran and Pande (2017) show, using the same … order gradient. They interpret this pattern as discrimination against later birth-order children in India. This paper … household wellbeing can account for the empirical findings of both studies: A mother having higher fertility, rather than lower …

provide suggestive evidence that different selection into fertility drives the opposite counter-cyclical results found in …

increase in fertility rates, particularly for second births among married and older women, providing suggestive evidence of an … increase in completed fertility. Second, we find an increase in overall female employment, likely due to the desire to qualify … their young children longer, the conflict between women’s dual roles as full-time worker and full-time mother is reduced …

the household. Using a sample of PSID-CDS children, we investigate whether the birth order effects in their outcomes are …