multi-year field experiment involving 408 politicians in 20 Ugandan district governments between the 2011 and 2016 elections …Politicians regularly underperform in their job duties due to the obscurity of their actions to constituents. In this … study, we investigate the effects of a local NGO's initiative to improve the transparency of politicians' performance in a …

field experiment that we conducted during the 2013 Moscow mayoral election, we published a newspaper criticizing the …Modern autocracies today hold elections but employ a number of tactics to control election outcomes. In response to … month prior to the election date. We find that the incumbent mayor's vote share was lower by 1.89 percentage points at the …

, however, is that voters in less than democratic states often are marginalized because of widespread election fraud. Field … election day. The results also confirm that all regimes are not equally sensitive to such interventions. For the first time new … outcome. It is suggested that when faced with monitoring, autocrats substitute election fraud with other forms of manipulation …

survey experiment shows that reading the statements increased voter knowledge substantially. Thus, the Citizens’ Initiative …

are likely to be subject to social effects. We conducted a field experiment to identify some of these social effects. We … sent letters to 92,000 contributors from all U.S. states during the 2012 presidential election campaign. We randomized …