The demographic foundation of nations is remarkably resilient to losses with the causes of that resiliency not uniform cross-nationally. Countries in the early stages of development have very high birth rates and a growing youthful population with only the most extreme cases of genocide...

There remains a widely perceived notion that ― Muslim societies are especially resistant to embarking upon the path of demographic and familial change that has transformed population profiles in Europe, North America, and other more developed areas. In reality, however, fertility levels are...

Demographic aging is a global phenomenon encountered especially in the developed states and is manifesting by the increase the share of people aged over 60-65 years in total population, a process that will affect all areas of the world in this century. In the coming decades, population aging...

Blacks, Hispanics, and divorced women have historically experienced double-digit poverty rates in retirement, and divorce and other demographic trends will increase their representation in future retiree populations. For these reasons, we might expect an increase in the proportion of...

Because of demographic changes, the Social Security system in the United States will face financial challenges in the near future. Declining fertility rates and increasing life expectancies are causing the U.S. population to age. Today, 12 percent of the total population is aged 65 or older, but...

Conventional pension systems suffer from a design defect which makes them financially unsustainable, and a source of inefficiency for the economy as a whole. The paper outlines a second-best policy which includes a public pension system made up of two parallel schemes, a Bismarckian one allowing...

Rural elderly have 40% of the income of those in urban areas, spend a larger share of their income on food, are in worse health, work later into their lives, and depend more on their children, lacking pensions and public services. The birth quota since 1980 has particularly restricted the...

Conventional pension systems suffer from a design defect which makes them financially unsustainable, and a source of inefficiency for the economy as a whole. The paper outlines a second-best policy which includes a public pension system made up of two parallel schemes, a Bismarckian one allowing...

Conventional pension systems suffer from a design defect which makes them financially unsustainable, and a source of inefficiency for the economy as a whole. The paper outlines a second-best policy which includes a public pension system made up of two parallel schemes, a Bismarckian one allowing...

This paper examines the impact of universal, free, and easily accessible primary healthcare on population health as measured by age-specific birth and mortality rates, focusing on a nationwide socialized medicine program implemented in Turkey. The Family Medicine Program (FMP), launched in 2005,...