Previous studies of analysts' valuation methods show that sell-side analysts often rely on multiples-based relative valuation methods in deriving target price forecasts, predominantly earnings-based multiples. However, little is known about how analysts actually arrive at the earnings multiples...

A key output of sell-side analysts is their recommendations to investors as to whether they should, buy, hold or sell a company's shares. However, relatively little is known regarding the determinants of those recommendations. This paper considers this question, presenting results that suggest...