) of Norwegian schools, where between-school differences are smaller than in the US. I find that VA indicators are able to … predict in-school performance without bias. Furthermore, VA is strongly related to long-term outcomes, and differences between … differences in school quality, rather than unobserved student characteristics. Analyses of teacher grades and exam scores suggest …

We show that, when school quality is measured by the educational standard and attaining the standard requires costly … relatively high cost of effort, who would find the high standards of the public school excessively demanding. With the key …

the probability of attending school and decrease the probability of combining work and school, particularly for boys; the … probability of being in school for secondary school children was about 6 percent higher in 2002 than in 1998. These estimates … children in provinces fully implementing the FEL were 3 percent more likely to be in school and 1.6 percent points less likely …

of assessing the impact of education quality, the teacher contribution to pupils' achievement and the effect of school …