4207 The system of non-bank financial intermediaries (NBFI; i.e., shadow banks) has grown rapidly in recent decades up to a roughly size of about Dollar 71 trillion. Shadow banks moved for a number of reasons into the focus of regulatory authorities: (1) the risks associated with circumventing...

In August 1763, northern Europe experienced a financial crisis with numerous parallels to the 2008 Lehman Brothers episode. The 1763 crisis was sparked by the failure of a major provider of acceptance loans, a form of securitized credit resembling modern asset-backed commercial paper. The...

The financial market crisis of 2008/2009 triggered efforts at re-regulation at all political levels, national, European, and international. Reform demands had been radical and comprehensive but effective regulatory change was halting, and then in summer 2011 the related connected sovereign debt...