In response to the 2008-2009 crisis, faced with distressed financial intermediaries, the ECB embarked in longer-term refinancing operations (LTROs) with full allotment. Using an estimated DSGE model with a frictional banking sector, we find that such liquidity injections have played a key role...

We argue that shocks to traditional and shadow banks were important drivers of the U.S. economy during the Great Recession and the Slow Recovery. This result follows from a DSGE model featuring a heterogeneous banking sector estimated from macroeconomic and financial observables. Our model...