I have used four measures that have had considerable success in predicting stock market declines of ten percent or more and average twenty-five percent. Other declines of 5-15% seem to be hard to predict ex ante, while some can be explained ex post. In this paper, I focus on six of the latter...

Despite momentum's strong historical performance, its returns have large negative skewness and occasionally experiences persistent strings of sharp negative returns, referred as "momentum crashes" in the recent literature. I argue that momentum crashes are due to crowded trades which push prices...