The more severe a financial crisis, the greater has been the likelihood of its management under an IMF-supported programme and the shorter the time from crisis onset to programme initiation. Political links to the United States have increased programme likelihood but have prompted faster...

The global economy has built a tangled and tortuous financial system model at a pace arduous to manage. After the financial crisis which was widely recognized in 2008, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) made several attempts to create an effective financial system. However, the organization...