The interplay between investors' demand and providers' incentives has shaped the evolution of exchange-traded funds (ETFs). While early ETFs offered diversification at low cost, later ETFs track niche portfolios and charge high fees. Strikingly, over their first five years, specialized ETFs lose...

Hedge funds and financial intermediaries are connected through their prime brokerage relationship. We find that systematic financial intermediary risk, as measured by the covariation between the hedge fund return and the return of a portfolio of key prime brokers, is important for understanding...