We introduce an evolutionary equilibrium asset pricing model with heterogeneous agents who can either act as brokers or hedge funds. Hedge funds can trade on margin, taking short or (leveraged) long positions in the assets. Brokers provide asset loans and credit to margin traders. In any...

We provide novel evidence that arbitrageurs use exchange-traded funds (ETFs) as an avenue to circumvent short-sale constraints at the stock level. Using a large sample of U.S. equity ETF holdings, we document that shorting activity on ETFs rises with the difficulty of shorting the underlying...

We use a heterogeneous agent model to explain market crashes resulting from an unanticipated deleveraging shock. In a market with short sale constraints, when the opinions of investors diverge substantially, the market price is set by the demand schedule of optimistic investors while pessimistic...

In this letter, I exploit the high fraction of retail investors in the early years of the Bitcoin and the introduction of margin trading and short selling by the Bitcoin Exchange Kraken to apply a difference-in-differences approach with four other comparable Bitcoin exchanges to infer causality....

On October 26, 2008, Porsche announced a largely unexpected domination plan for Volkswagen. The resulting short squeeze in Volkswagen's stock briefly made it the most valuable listed company in the world. We argue that this was a manipulation designed to save Porsche from insolvency and the...

Responding to the dramatic price declines during the COVID-19 pandemic, six European countries introduced short-selling bans in March 2020. We analyze how these restrictions affected the market quality by comparing countries with and without bans. We observe for ban countries relatively lower...