This paper contributes to the empirical literature on the non-trivial relationship between financial development and economic growth. Based on panel data from 98 developed and developing countries, we show that for smooth economic development, balanced growth of both the industrial and financial...

Existing literature sees opportunistic behaviour of contractual partners as the main reason why rational agents underinvest in relationship-specific assets. We look beyond this well-know holdup problem and argue that financial vulnerability and short-term planning horizon can also lead to such...

An influential strand of literature starting with the Nobel Prize winning work of Oliver Williamson (1971, 1975) argues that a rational agent underinvests in relationship-specific assets due to the possibility of an opportunistic behaviour on the part of her contractual partner. We first combine...

Financial Inclusion is a state where financial services are delivered by a range of providers, mostly the private sector, to reach everyone who could use them. Specifically, it means a financial system that serves as many people as possible in a country. In recent time, financial Inclusion has...

We exploit employment data from 10,528 parishes across nineteenth century England and Wales and find that a one standard deviation increase in finance employment increases the annualized growth rate of secondary labour by 0.8 percentage points. An endogenous growth model with finance and...

Up to a point, banks and markets both foster economic growth. Beyond that limit, expanded bank lending or market-based financing no longer adds to real growth. But when it comes to moderating business cycle fluctuations, banks and markets differ considerably in their effects. In normal...

Many Caribbean financial systems are relatively well developed for their size but benefits are concentrated in a small part of the population. In several large countries, the financial development levels are below what is warranted by that country's own macroeconomic fundamentals. SMEs, in...

The small sample performance of system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and an alternative Transformed Maximum Likelihood (TML) estimator is investigated in Monte Carlo simulations, implementing a data generating process that tracks important features inherent in dynamic panels used in...

Since the information and communications technology revolution, productivity growth in Southern European countries has been substantially lower than in developed European countries. I document that Spanish firms have lower productivity growth, lower intangible capital growth, and lower leverage...

This paper, using the most recent index of financial development as developed in an IMF publication by Svirydzenka, examines the role of overall financial development, financial institutions, and financial markets in the export performance of Nepal employing the Autoregressive distributed lag...