In Deutschland sind die Bundesländer nach Art. 106 Abs. 7 GG verpflichtet, ihre Gemeinden und Gemeindeverbände im Rahmen eines kommunalen Finanzausgleichs an den eigenen Steuereinnahmen zu beteiligen. Da im Grundgesetz und den jeweiligen Landesverfassungen ausschließlich allgemeine...

In the German system of fiscal equalization Länder (States) with tax revenue below the average get payments from the Länder above the average. The difference between the average and the own tax revenue per capita will be compensated up to 75%. To prevent Länder from getting payments form...

Local authorities charge supply companies with concession dues on gas, water and electricity (Konzessionsabgaben), which are similar to some local taxes (local business tax, real property tax). These taxes have already been included in the fiscal equalization system and in the future concession...