Global supply chains reshaped international trade since the 1980s. Their role in explaining the trade collapse that followed the financial crisis of September 2008 was determinant. Because manufacture production is internationally fragmented, adverse external shocks affect firms not only through...

Over the past five years, use of the term “back-shoring” (and of its apparent synonyms) has multiplied dramatically, especially in economics journalism and in consulting firms’ white papers. More recently, the topic has prompted academic investigation too, despite the lack of reliable...