The cost of borrowing U.S. dollars through foreign exchange (FX) swap markets increased significantly in the beginning … deviations narrowed again when the Federal Reserve expanded its swap lines to support U.S. dollar liquidity globally—by enhancing … and extending its swap facility with foreign central banks and introducing the new temporary Foreign and International …

States, the issuer of the world's dominant currency, by causing a dollar appreciation and a transfer of wealth from the … United States to the rest of the world. This dollar appreciation runs counter to the predictions of standard macroeconomic …

amounts, in foreign currency and to foreign banks. Central bank cooperation took the form of a swap network, and amounted to …, the swap network should not be made permanent and given an institutional basis to provide international lending of last … International Economics, concludes in favour of making the swap network permanent, while William Dudley, President of the Federal …